The Manifestation of Race, Ethnicity, and Faith in British Education Literature review

The Manifestation of Race, Ethnicity, and Faith in British Education - Literature review Example Since the 1980s, the leading cultural fundamentalist group of the New Right in the United Kingdom has not just disparaged and ridiculed such policies, but has aimed to enforce its own chauvinistic and racist perspective of British national identity on England’s and Wales’s National Curriculum (Pathak 2008). Antiracist educators in the UK have not taken seriously the concept of ‘new racism’ introduced by Barker (1981 as cited in Cashmore & Troyna 1990). As far as the concept is considered at all in antiracist research, it is merely cited and its value to education seems never to have been taken into account. This literature review will provide a brief review of literature on identity politics and multiculturalism, specifically concerning three of the most debated issues in the UK: (1) race, (2) ethnicity, and (3) faith in education. The author chooses the three abovementioned issues because of their persistent presence in the British society. These three issues are the major factors that put several social groups in a disadvantaged position, specifically in education and long-term employment (May & Sleeter 2010). As stated by Korn and Burzstyn (2002), access to wealth, influence, full involvement in economic, social and political life, or what may be referred to as complete citizenship, greatly relies on education. This is particularly factual for ethnic minority groups. Without a practical educational attainment they confront the double threat of exclusion and inadequate qualifications. Those who drop out from school and then fail to acquire additional training or education, are prone to become part of a marginalised group with potentially detrimental repercussions for race relations where in traditional perceptions about Asians and African-Americans (Mitchell & Salsbury 1996) are established. The first part of the literature review will discuss the distinctions between race, ethnicity, and faith. It will refer to the different definitions given by several authors. The second section will discuss the issue of race, ethnicity, and faith in the British education system. The issue of multiculturalism in education will take precedence in this literature review. Distinctions between Race, Ethnicity and Faith In this literature review, a brief description of the notion of race, ethnicity, and faith, as well as the distinctions among them, will be discussed. The concept of ‘ethnicity’ is quite new. Before the 1970s there was hardly any discussion of it in anthropology works and literature, even a mention of its definition (Faas 2010). Prior to the Second Wo rld War, the word ‘tribe’ was the chosen word for ‘primitive’ societies and the word ‘race’ for contemporary societies (May 1999). Because of the strong connection between the ideology of the Nazis and the concept of ‘race’, the word ‘ethnicity’ eventually succeeded ‘race’ in Europe and the United States (Spalek 2007). The discourse on ethnicity is confounded by a diversity of associated concepts applied to distinguish comparable trends, like nation, race, minority, and tribe. Several researchers and scholars apply these concepts synonymously while others use them as distinct terms (Spalek 2007). Nevertheless, the connection between race and ethnicity is complicated. Even though there is much continuity they are different notions. For instance, Pierre van den Berghe defines the term ‘race’ as a specific classification of ethnicity that makes use of genetic attributes as an indicator of ethnici ty (Cashmore & Jennings 2002, 122). Although the connection between the two notions is more complicated than the above definition, his description is quite accurate (p. 122). British scholars normally exclusively attribute ethnicity to

The Political System of Mexico and United States Research Paper - 1

The Political System of Mexico and United States - Research Paper Example This paper tells that over the years, Canada has adopted a different type of government in contrast to that of the United States. Since it gained independence from Great Britain, America has chosen the federal presidential form. Canada has long been federal parliamentary. Mexico, on the other hand, seems to base its government structure with America. The United Mexican States (commonly known as Mexico) has no royal families, unlike Canada. Mexico appears to have a very similar political system with the United States due to the following factors: (1) presidential system (2) three autonomous branches (executive, legislative and judiciary) with checks and balances (3) federalism with a good amount of local autonomy. Notably, despite their sameness in a political system, America and Mexico do not have the same economic status. Like Canada, the United States is one of the developed and industrialized countries of the world whereas Mexico belongs to the developing nations. In lieu of that fact, this research paper will explore the respective political system of Mexico and the United States. This will be followed by a brief analysis of their similarities. In the end, an assessment shall be provided on whether or not their similar political structure is the reason for their economic disparity. Rogelio Hernandez-Rodriguez described the Mexican government as authoritative and the most successful to maintain a system which is dominated by one party. The PRI or the Institutional Revolutionary Party has long been controlling Mexican politics. This political party has ruled Mexico for almost seventy-one years. Majority of the elected government officials of Mexico are affiliated with PRI. The authoritative nature of the Mexican government is attributed to this fact. Nevertheless, despite the hegemony of PRI, Mexico has been politically stable. The other political parties have done nothing bad for the government. It has been stressed that the country’s single party and presidential type of government are the major elements of its effective institutional structure.

Law with Tort of Negligence Essay Example for Free

Law with Tort of Negligence Essay The application is under s1 sale of goods act there is a contract form between me and Mandela where I have agreement, intention and consideration to buy the armchair from Mandela, thus contract is form. Besides that, armchair is considered goods and there is consideration of money where I paid Mandela for $1500 and lastly there is also transfer of property where I paid $1500 for the armchair from his shop. Hence, in conclusion the armchair that I purchased is under Sale of Goods Act. Another issue in the question is whether we can insist Tyson (owner) compensate me for $500 that I (buyer) spent on fixing the chair and either return the chair and insist upon a refund, specifically under consumer guarantees s 55 fitness for purpose? In the question the law would be s 55 ‘there is an implied guarantee that where the buyer expressly or by implication makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, and shows that judgment and seller, the goods must be reasonable fit for purpose’, based on the case Grant v Australia Knitting Mills and Wallis v Russell. In the question Tyson has breach s 55 fitness for purpose where he is selling furniture in his Classic Antiques Store but the furniture that he sell are fragile. In s 55 there is certain condition we must satisfy. First, buyer must express or the seller has known the buyer particular purpose for the goods they required. Second, has the buyer relied on the seller’s skill or judgment? Third, are the goods of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply? And lastly, has the buyer ordered the goods under their trade name so that it is clear there is no reliance on the skill of judgment of the seller? Based on the condition above, I had satisfied all the condition, where I express to Mandela (salesperson) that I want to use the armchair as my new house furniture. On the other hand, Mandela stated that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. ’ Hence, I relied on his judgment and bought the armchair. Moreover, Tyson business are selling furniture’s where the armchair is considered as a furniture, thus it is also satisfied goods are descriptive under the course of the seller’s business. Lastly, although I didn’t buy the armchair based on the trade name, but I rely on the skill or judgment by Mandela. In conclusion, the seller has breach all the criteria in s 55 and under s 261 consumer have the right to choose either a refund or replacement of the products if supplier fail to fulfill with consumer guarantee, as a result I can insist Tyson compensate me for $500 for fixing the chair and also can return the chair and insist upon a refund. Â  Based on the question, the issues would be based on Mandela’s statement that ‘It is a solid old thing. I sit on it all the time. You will be used it safely for many years. Will it lead consumers to believe that it can be used as furniture and can be used safely for many years, specifically under consumer guarantees s 18 Misleading or Deceptive conduct? In the question, the law would be s 18 where ‘A corporation shall not engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive’, based on the case of Eveready Australia Pty Ltd v Gillette Australia Pty Ltd ,Henjo Investment Pty Ltd amp; Ors v Collins Marrickville Pty Ltd and Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd. In the application, there are 3 elements which must fulfill breach of s 18. First of all, Mandela engage in conduct with me that the armchair is safe and can be used for many years more which imply a false representation of the fact to me where the armchair was actually fragile. Furthermore, I purchase the armchair under trade and commerce whereby under mutual communication, and I negotiated 30minutes orally with Mandela (salesperson) to sell me the armchair with $1500. Moreover, Mandela conduct was misleading or deceptive where he stated he sits on the armchair all the time where he actually doesn’t sit on it and the fact that the chair was actually fragile. Refer to Taco Bell to determine whether the conduct is misleading or deceptive that there are certain criteria to justify whether they are mislead or deceived. First, the conduct is based on me which is justified the targeted by the conduct of the defendant. The time I was in Tyson’s shop, Mandela forms an erroneous conclusion to me, that the armchair is safe and can be used as furniture where it was not the fact. Hence, proves the conduct by Mandela skilled of being misleading or deceptive. In conclusion, Mandela has breach the 3 elements in s 18 of ACL for misleading and deceptive. Based on the question, Tyson is the owner of the shop (Principle), Mandela is the store manager and also salesperson (Agent) and I am the buyer (Third Party). In the question the issue is whether or not Mandela had authority to sell the chair at that price under Agency scope of an agent’s authority? Law is express authority where the agreement is created between agent and principal in the w ritten or oral form based on the case John McCann amp; Co v Pow. In addition, apparent authority is also applied here where the principle, either by words or conduct, may leads to third party mistaken to believe that an agent has authority to act on the principle’s behalf, based on the case Tooth amp; Co v Laws. Moreover, duty of agent where the agent must follow the lawful and reasonable instruction of the principle and be honest in performing the job is set by the principle’, based on the case Bertram, Armstrong amp; Co v Godfray. Hence in the application, Mandela has breach express authority under agency where he doesn’t follow the oral agreement by Tyson to sell the armchair for at least $3500 and he sold the armchair for me with $1500. Besides that, under apparent authority, Tyson either by words or conduct leads me to believe that Mandela has authority to contract on their behalf and I couldn’t know Tyson has instructed Mandela to sell the armchair for at least $3500. Based on the question, the issue is whether I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim compensation? The law tort of negligence was recognized in the case Donoghue v Stevenson where the plaintiff must establish that, the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, the defendant breached that duty, and lastly the plaintiff suffered damage as a result of the breach in tort of negligence. Hence in the application, Tyson (defendant) has owed a duty of care to me (plaintiff) based on the test and relationship. All the risk in the shop must be reasonable foreseeable, however the armchair was not reasonable foreseeable where the armchair looked nice but actually was fragile, even though Tyson does put a sign on the wall of the shop mention that ‘Please do not sit on the chair-fragile- considered sold if damaged’ but as a furniture shop, customers might need to try or test the quality of the products. In addition, there is a vulnerable relationship where Tyson hires Mandela as a manager and salesperson to control the shop, and I was reliant on Mandela, thus Mandela has the duty to protect my safety in the shop. Hence, Tyson has breach duty of care under magnitude of the risk of likelihood of the occurrence where the armchair was not covered or blocked to prevent customer sitting on it which same case as Bolton v Stone. Thus, he had fail to exercise the required standard of care due to the armchair being fragile and I sit on it, the chair had collapsed under my weight and has been injured when I fell to the floor. Hence, I have suffered damage due to the chair collapsed and I fell to the floor. However, Tyson have defenses to negligence under voluntary assumption of the risk where the plaintiff had full and absolute knowledge of the risk where defendant had actually put the sign on the wall that said ‘please do not sit on the chair- fragile- considered sold if damaged’. Besides that, the plaintiff had sufficient appreciation of that particular risk where plaintiff had saw the sign on the wall but ignore the sign. Lastly, there was voluntarily acceptance of that risk as the plaintiff knew the chair were fragile but doesn’t care and sit on the chair. Hence, at defendant point of view plaintiff should bear the risk. In conclusion, as I am the plaintiff I can sue Tyson under tort of negligence and claim for compensation, because Tyson should need to be more aware and cover or block the fragile furniture instead of just putting a sign on the wall due to customer might ignore the sign and sit on the chair.

Working in Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Working in Health and Social Care Essay For my unit 11 coursework I was required to produce a letter to inform the job of my interest that I was hoping to interview them and to ask for their consent to participate in my interview giving them the choice to take part or not. A consent letter was placed at the bottom of this letter to allow them to tick the answer of their choice. My chosen participant was a midwife in whom I chose to interview because this is the job that I hope to do in my future and I figured it would be interesting to find out more about the job they do. I have recently done a lot of research about this job and have already gained some knowledge of what it is like for a midwife and the job they do. Within my interview I figured I was going to need as much information as I possibly could, hence the reason I used 41 relevant questions. I found that all of my questions worked well in my favour as I found out all that I needed to know from the midwife I interviewed. During the interview I found on some questions I needed extra room to write down what my interviewee was telling me as this must have been a very detailed subject within that job/task. Throughout my interview I used a wide range of question types; however, I particularly used open questions as I found that this gained me the most information and allowed the interviewee to explain what she had been asked in her own words/opinion. I used 13 open questions to help me gain the information I received from my interviewee. For the closed questions in my interview, those which have a basic answer of yes or no, I figured were not the most reliable questions, and therefore the reason I only used a small amount of 7 closed questions, as this only allows the interviewee to state a very basic answer, not being able to explain any feelings which was mainly the reason I used open questions to allow the participant to express their own personal feelings about a certain subject within their job. Some questions I joined some questions together so they were an open with a closed, with this method allowing me to gain a little more information than I would if it was just a closed question. I found it helpful to use ranked questions throughout my interview (a rating scale type question) allowing them to choose an answer from a scale already there for them. This type of question was put into place when I wanted to know how high or low their opinion was e. g. How much job satisfaction do you receive? with a scale of 1 to 10 below for them to circle their numbered opinion 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest I used a rating scale 4 times throughout my interview. Another type of question that works in the same way as this one is to what extreme in words is their opinion of the question e. g. How much responsibility does your job involve with a range of boxes for them to tick below Very high , High Average, A little and None. Ethics is about a persons behaviour and attitudes towards everyday life, distinguishing between right and wrong. Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethics is about relationships, being true to the idea of who different people are and what they stand for and having courage when it comes to difficult questions that occur throughout life and accepting the cost. For my two chosen jobs, a Midwife and a Care assistant I chosen to interview a midwife as I found that this would be more beneficial to me and my career path, finding out about their job and what they do giving me more of a background idea of what to expect.

Racial Profiling is a Valuable Policing Tool Essay -- Racial Profiling

Former President Clinton called for a national crackdown on racial profiling and ordered federal law enforcement authorities to begin an investigation. (1) Vice President Al Gore promised the NAACP that should he become president eliminating the practice of racial profiling by the nation's police departments would be a top priority. (2) New Jersey Governor Christy Whitman fired Police Superintendent Carl Williams after the 35-year veteran trooper said in an interview that minorities are more likely to be involved in drug trafficking. (3) In the case of State of New Jersey v. Pedro Soto, et. al., the attorney for the black defendants moved to suppress evidence from traffic stops deemed to be discriminatory enforcement of the traffic laws. (4) On March 4, 1996, New Jersey Superior Court judge, Robert E. Francis, in granting the motion, held that "unrebutted statistical evidence of disproportionate traffic stops against African-American motorists established de facto policy of targeting blacks for investigation and arrest and thus established selective enforcement violating the equal protection and due process clauses. The motion to suppress evidence, resulted in criminal charges being dismissed against all 19 defendants. (5) What is racial profiling? Does it serve any purpose? In the most general terms, racial profiling is a process whereby people employ a cheap-to-observe physical characteristic, such as race, sex, height, weight and accent, as a proxy for a more costly-to-observe characteristic. It is prejudice, in the sense of the word's Latin root - the act of pre-judging. Another way to define pre-judging is that it is the practice of making decisions on the basis of incomplete information. Since the acquisition of i... ...ficially sanctioned or de facto policy of targeting minorities for investigation and arrest, any evidence seized will be suppressed to deter future insolence in office by those charged with enforcement of the law and to maintain judicial integrity. U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. 14. 6. The age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer is higher in black males (142.0 per 100,000) compared with white males (108.3 per 100,000). 7. Approximately 80,000 Americans have sickle-cell disease. About 9% of blacks have the trait, and an estimated one in 500 blacks. One in every 1,000 to 1,400 American Hispanic children are born with sickle-cell disease itself. The high incidence of the sickle-cell gene in these and other specific populations is due to its ability to make red blood cells resistant to the malaria parasite. 8. In this group, the incidence is 1 out of 2,500 people.

UNIX vs. NT :: essays research papers

UNIX VS NT To build a good and stable network is extremely difficult. It takes a team of very knowledgeable engineers to put together a system that will provide the best service and will forfill the need for the companies users and clients. There are many issues that have to be resolved and many choices have to be made. The toughest choices IT managers have to make, are what will be the best server platform for their environment. Many questions must be answered. Which server software offers complete functionality, with easy installation and management? Which one provides the highest value for the cost? What kind of support and performance can be expected from this system? And most important of all is what is more secure? In this paper, Microsoft Windows NT Server is compared to UNIX, in the large commercial environment. The main focus of the comparison is on the areas of, reliability, compatibility, administration performance and security. Which system is worth the money? What can you expect from Windows NT Server out of the box and from UNIX out of the box? NT can communicate with many different types of computers. So can UNIX. NT can secure sensitive data and keep unauthorized users off the network. So can UNIX. Essentially, both operating systems meet the minimum requirements for operating systems functioning in a networked environment. Put briefly, UNIX can do anything that NT can do and more. Being over 25 years old, the UNIX design has been crystallized out further than any other operating system on a large scale. NT is fairly new and some say it is a cheap rip off of UNIX. But it is not cheap at all. To purchase an NT server with 50 Client Access Licenses , one will spend $4,859.00. Not so bad. But it gets much more costly than this. This price is just for software, but everyone knows to build a network you need a lot more than this. E-mail has become an indispensable tool for communication. It is rapidly becoming the most popular form of communication. With Windows NT, you will have to buy a separate software package in order to set up an e-mail server. Many NT-based companies use Microsoft Exchange as they ¡Ã‚ ¦re mailing service. It is a nice tool, but an expensive solution with not such great success in the enterprise environment. Microsoft Exchange Server Enterprise Edition with 25 Client Access Licenses costs $3,549.

Reflective Account Essay

Candidate to provide narrative under each statement of how they meet the criteria and list the number of the piece(s) of evidence supplied to demonstrate this. (See also possible examples of evidence sheet). You must provide answers to each question that allow your examiner to properly assess what work duties you are doing or what role you have within your work. It expected that you will need approximately 200 words per question. The more detail you provide the less likely your account will be sent back for more clarification. You must answer each question in your own words and written in the first person meaning â€Å"I do this†. A tip is always to keep in mind the â€Å"who, why, how, where and when† in each answer. The induction process is arguably one of the most important primary processes within the organization. The initial importance is to ensure that the individual is working within the correct guidelines of the company policies and values, Safeguarding regulations and Care Quality Commission standards. It is then extremely important for the service users, so that staff understands and knows each individual and their support plans to ensure that the individual follows a person centered approach to caring for that individual. (1.1 and 1.4) The induction process is a continuous process throughout an individuals stay within the company and home. The induction process inevitably starts with the inductee. To identify and ensure that each individual during the process is inducted sufficiently UBU and the induction of staff look upon the learning types of the individual through job fit analysis. Neil Fleming (2012) states that there a 3 types of ‘learner’, the Visual Learner, the Au ditory Learner and the Kinaesthetic Learner. The Visual Learners learn best by visual stimuli such as graphs,  diagrams and pictures. These individuals will convey messages in a video or picture format rather than the written word. Auditory Learners are individuals who learn and with hold information best when in the written format or spoken, they benefit from lectures, notes, handouts and large paragraphs of information. Kinaesthetic Learners learn best through demonstrations and being hands on throughout the learning process. (3.1) I am in the understanding that this is why there are numerous ways in which we induct individuals to meet their learning styles. We firstly adapt to the Visual Learner by showing tenants files such as the tables, pictorial information about the individual which previous staff and individuals have created. Within the support we also have support plans, risk assessments and other information regarding the tenants for the auditory learners. Finally a 2 week hands on induction putting into practice the information and placing it into real life situations for the kinaesthetic learner. During the hands on shadowing induction we build upon the team strengths and individual strengths we have in a team. If we have individuals who are more sufficient in certain areas we have them induct the individual in that area or have the individual shadow them while they are doing that task. This is important as it builds worker relationships but also allows the individual to understand that within the company and support everyone is there to support each other and the service users. The inductee is then observed by me, my manager and/or the staff which they originally shadowed. We also on occasions where the individual can take control and show the individual the process or things they like to do such as certain walks or activities they like to do, how they get ready or washed. The individual is then empowered in the induction process and can comment on the inductee’s performance. It is also a key indicator in how that person is able to interact and also builds a worker and customer, working relationship. (3.2) I then gain feedback from the support staff through meetings with them personally (3.3) the inductee has then shadowed and been shadowed by other practitioners and the service user when applicable and this is then fed back through their later induction support session. Inductees then complete a 3 Day induction day with the company looking upon motivational tasks, presentations and team work activity to strongly embed the company ethos, agreed ways of working and appropriate values a member of staff should have when supporting the  individuals that we support. (1.2).Fleming also states individuals are simply not either or types of learners but sway to others but incorporate other forms dependant upon the information they are receiving. This p rocess is advantageous in this respect as it is incorporating all types of learner to ensure that the team is storing the correct information about the tenant and giving the correct level of support at the primary level. Through the review process of induction it is discussed with myself and the individual, what previous qualifications they have and, work or life experiences they have which can assist in their knowledge, which method they found easier to learn from, what areas they have found straightforward and difficult from there. Dependent upon their qualifications and experience we look upon what the inductee could input onto the care of the individuals we support and what could be done differently. The inductee is then observed on 3 occasions in the beginning of each area they need to learn and then passed once 3 successful observations are complete. Once the individual has gone through the home, individuals and company knowledge basics a look upon their job description and responsibilities is then looked at, a broad picture of how to move forward with the inductee and what is needed for them to grow within the company either through progression routes or progression in the level of care they g ive to the individual is built upon and moved forward. This includes areas the individual still needs training on, areas in which they are competent and areas and strengths the individual can bring to the support and how to incorporate these new ideas. (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6) The induction process is therefore not simply left to the initial employment stage. The induction process is used when individuals need refreshment of certain stages of the enrolment, which is outlined through support sessions and retraining needs. It is also used if an individual has had or created issues in certain areas and reassessment is needed. It is then used to build on a person’s responsibility the more they progress. The inductee or current staff then go through the format of the induction process for their new responsibility and then pass once the 3 observation processes are complete in the new learnt skill (1.3) This process is circular in theory, so that it can be repeated with the same consistent process so individuals grasp and understand the company policies and procedures, CQC policies and procedures and local authority procedures. It  also ensures that the any area at anyone time can be readdressed to ensure processes are followed for individuals safety and safeguarding when required (1.4 and 1.5) The induction process is therefore an ever changing fluid process that is an adaptable tool within the organisation. It is important that the induction process is taken in this form to be able to be adaptable to changes within legislation, abilities of new staff and new training movements and needs of the company (4.1) It also important to take new forms of induction for example individuals still go through the paperwork and home induction process however as discussed the 3 away day inductions have only been introduced in the last year. This came about through feedback from team managers, local authorities and regional managers that staff had a good in depth knowledge induction but there needed to be more teamwork and with UBUs new goals for inspiring and stepping forward in the social theories of care they wanted staff to embody this way of thinking and working (4.4). This feedback can come in the form of suggestions made to the training managers via meetings held with regional managers. The auditing process from CQC and Local Authorities made as suggestions within final reports which is fed back to training managers (4.3) the company have How is it for you feedback forms that are filled out by the staff at the end of an induction process and then on a yearly basis there after. (4.2) (5.1 and 5.2) Referenced Evidence used in this Unit (List below) Fleming, N. (2012). Introduction to Vark. Retrieved from http://legacy.hazard.kctcs.edu/VARK/introduction.htm Candidate Signature:: Emma Hill Date: 01.07.13 The information within this Reflective Account is a true reflection of the candidate’s role, responsibilities and competence.

Comedic element in the Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Throughout the play, Oscar Wilde portrays several binary opposites using the characters and themes of the play, such as the town and country, class, age, gender and morals. However I don’t think that the binary opposites are the main source of comedy in the play. The reason I find it comical is from the fact that the play is a comedy of manners as well as Wilde’s satirising of the Victorian morals. Wilde’s depiction of Victorian caricatures also creates amusement for the audience. In the play, trivial things are regarded so seriously and the serious things in life are treated with sincere and studied triviality. This philosophy allows for a very comic scene at the end of Act II, as it ends with Jack and Algernon eating and arguing over muffins instead of chasing after their beloved ones who have found out the truth about them and seems like the marriage is off. So even though the binary oppositions in the Importance of Being Earnest provide comedy, I don’t believe that they are the key comedic element in the play. A binary opposition is portrayed with the theme of gender and the contrast between male and female. The play is set during the Victorian era where men have greater influence than women. Usually men would make all the political decisions for the household and the women would be the mother and housewife. However, Wilde reverses gender roles by placing Lady Bracknell in a position of authority and power in the house. And to add to this, he makes the male characters such as Jack and Algernon quite irresponsible. When Gwendolen is talking to Cecily about who she is, she talks about her father. â€Å"Outside the family circle, papa, I am glad to say, is entirely unknown. I think that is quite as it should be. The home seems to me to be the proper sphere for the man.†(Act II.266) Wilde uses Gwendolen to go against the traditional roles of men and women of the time by implying women can also be business people and work for the family instead of being just a housewife. Oscar Wilde also reverses the typical characteristic of women in relationships of the Victorian times by having Gwen dolen and Cecily the controlling person in their relationship. The man would usually court the woman but once again, this has been reversed by Wilde as the women (Gwendolen and Cecily) both chase after their loves. Gwendolen goes all the way to the country in secret which would be very surprising for a lady of high social class and technically speaking, Cecily created her own relationship with Ernest and Algernon just played along with it because it worked in his favour. You couldn’t help but laugh at the fact she even cancelled the engagement at one point simply to make it more exciting. But there are situations where the women act accordingly to traditional roles so that the play doesn’t change the Victorian ideals and also that the play works out to follow the traditional happy ending with weddings after overcoming the obstacles that was set out by all the circumstances and other characters. Another binary opposite is shown through class and society. The contrast is between the upper class and lower class. Many of the play’s characters are from the high social class and are aristocrats like Algernon. Then there’s the lower class characters like Jack and the people of the manor and Lane who is Algernon’s servant. Nearly all the characters in the play lie to or deceit another character but they rarely show any regret about doing so. In fact, there is more regret when telling the truth after lying. When Jack is forced to explain everything after Gwendolen and Cecily become suspicious about Ernest existing, he answers; â€Å"Gwendolen – Cecily – it is very painful for me to be forced to speak the truth. It is the first time in my life that I have ever been reduced to such a painful position, and I am really quite inexperienced in doing anything of the kind.†(Act II.348) This shows that Jack doesn’t consider honesty to be very important as lying about things makes it easier for him to live his life. The lower classes in Earnest are less pretentious and more humble in comparison to the upper class. A major contrast in class is shown through Gwendolen and Cecily when they sit down for tea. After some heated words, they believe the other is trying to steal their love and they show some hostility towards each other. This exchange takes place in Act II. (308-314) â€Å"Cecily: May I offer you some tea, Miss Fairfax? Gwendolen: (With elaborate politeness) Thank you. (Aside) Detestable girl! But I require tea! Cecily: (Sweetly) Sugar? Gwendolen: (Superciliously) No, thank you. Sugar is not fashionable any more. (Cecily looks angrily at her, takes up the tongs and puts four lumps of sugar into the cup.) Cecily: (Severely) Cake or bread and butter? Gwendolen: (In a bored manner) Bread and butter, please. Cake is rarely seen at the best houses nowadays. Cecily: (Cuts a very large slice of cake, and puts it on the tray.) Hand that to Miss Fairfax.† Cecily takes advantage of Gwendolen’s obsession with fashion and appearance to others. To Gwendolen, these choices are important statements on one’s stylishness and reputation amongst peers and to people in society. Here, Cecily takes advantage of her lower birth to insult Gwendolen. Gwendolen is of a high social class and a luxurious upbringing compared to Cecily who lives in the country with Jack as her guardian and under the care of Miss Prism. When talking about Gwendolen and Cecily, these two characters are used for another binary opposite of the town and the country. â€Å"When one is in town, one amuses oneself. When one is in the country, one amuses others. It is excessively boring.† Firstly there’s Jack who is trying to get away from the borin g life in the country and into the town to spend time with Gwendolen even though he is using Ernest Worthing as his name and living a double life unbeknownst to the people in the country as well as in town. Then there’s Algernon who is trying to get away from the life in town as it has become routine and boring and he wants something different so he goes into the country. He uses the excuse that he has a sick friend called Bunbury on the verge of death. He himself calls this ‘bunburying’ and believes that Jack is doing the same thing. However, after finding out that Jack has a beautiful, young ward in the country, he goes out in to the country to try and get her to fall in love with him. This relates to the morals of the men of the Victorian times, which if was accurate according to the play, was wrong and deceit was used to get out and have some fun implying the hedonistic lifestyle people had back then. Although all these can cause humour and several comedic situations, in my opinion, binary opposites aren’t the key comedic element in the play. The main reason the play is funny is because the play is a comedy of manners. The utilisation of stock characters, such as Algernon representing the schemer, as he secretly notes down Jack’s country house address and visits Cecily. By imitating and trying to marry into the aristocracy, Jack is a traitor to his own class, and is the hypocritical stock character. And Lady Blacknell as the interfering old parent who will not allow the marriage of Jack and Gwendolen because Jack has no parentage and Lady Bracknell ultimately becomes the obstacle that the two must overcome. All these provide lots of comic exchanges throughout the play allowing for a traditional rom-com finale. The structure of the play is also vital as it contributes to comedy as the plot consists of rapid twists in events, often precipitated by miscommunications. Ernest is really Jack. He lives two lives. He can’t marry without parents. Algy chases Cecily. Gwendolen chases Jack. There is no Ernest. The marriages are off and then back on. Lady Bracknell comes and marriages are off again. Truth about Jack is revealed and he is actually Ernest. Everybody gets together with their love and marriages take place. Throughout all this, a lot of misunderstandings take place and lies come out in the open at the expense of the honour of others. Another counter argument that is a key reason to the success of comedy in Importance of Being Earnest is Wilde’s use of satire on the Victorian morals and his depiction of Victorian caricatures which creates amusement for the audience. The obvious example of this is Lady Bracknell even though she is the opposite of how a Victorian woman was. Summing everything up, Wilde’s use of binary oppositions contribute to quite a bit of the humour from the play but after considering everything, I conclude that it’s not the key comedic element in the play. The fact it is a comedy of manners and the satire of the upper class and Victorian morals, is the reason I found it funny. Bibliography http://www.shmoop.com/importance-of-being-earnest/gender-theme.html http://www.shmoop.com/importance-of-being-earnest/society-class-theme.html Wordsworth Classics, the Plays of Oscar Wilde, Oscar Wilde. The Importance of Being Earnest. (Text) The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) Directed by Oliver Parker. Written by Oscar Wilde (DVD)

Leadership In Enders Game Essay

Ender represents the best picture of leadership. He is dedicated to learning, to doing well, is innovative, comprehends everything he sets his mind to, has strong self-awareness, has strong group dynamics-awareness, understands power dynamics, and is understanding and compassionate towards those he leads. He understands that he has to sometimes do things that he doesn’t want to, to have a point made or a mission accomplished. He knows how to evaluate talent and abilities and knows how to adapt his strategy around the tools and people he has been handed. The flexibility to adapt and his ability to out-think his opponents makes him trustworthy and most important, people want to follow Ender. They want to him to lead and they want to follow him. Ender knows that the best strategy for defeating the Buggers is for him to train every one of his guys to think like a commander, so that in the course of battle, each individual is fully capable of being decisive and making key choices to be responsible for their side. Ender had incredible awareness of every moment and how he quickly adapted to whatever came his way. He had the ability to asses each situation, weigh the pros and cons, and act only on what was necessary for his survival. He made sound and timely decisions and he also demonstrated that he was technically and tactfully proficient. He never acted on ego, vengeance, pride or greed. His motives were straight, even as he fought his own inner battles. A lesson learned was that Building Loyalty was important when having, being a part of or leading a group of individuals. For example, when Ender became a commander of a green Army, he doesn’t immediately order them around. He develops relationships and respect amongst his soldiers. He was insuring that he wasn’t a friend but more of a respected commander. Being able to Develop Flexibility and Teamwork Above All Else was also an important lesson. Despite the fact that Ender’s soldiers were overworked; the Dragon Army won every single situation that was thrown at them. Flexibility and independence helped the Dragon Army to succeed in face of impossible odds. Having particular friends was a lesson that took him far in some cases. Ender was an outcast but he managed to befriend Alai, Dink, Petra and Bean. They just happen to be the best of the best. These friendships don’t provide immediate benefits to Ender but these friends become invaluable during Command School. Buddy up with the best, you never know when you’ll work with them. There are many lessons to take away from this book but there is also guidance as to what not to do. It’s important to learn from your mistakes as well as learn from others mistakes. For example, don’t think you’re all that. Many children at the Battle School resent Ender because he was the best. If Ender was the best, that means that these kids aren’t the best. A blow to the ego when all you were thinking was that you were the best. The true leaders, such as Dink and Petra, put their own egos aside and gave Ender appropriate respect. Don’t judge based on appearance alone. Ender was small and young, Petra was a girl, and Bean was tiny and arrogant but all of them are exceptional. A true leader can see beyond the surface and see true potential. Don’t react emotionally. Doing so can burr a mission and make decisions selfish. Bonzo failed as a leader because he ran on his emotions. Bonzo made decisions based on emotions, not logic. That type of decision-making lead to his death. Ender functioned differently. He channeled his anger using logic. Good leaders can put their emotions aside when necessary. And lastly, don’t stop learning. There is always room for improvement no matter who you are. Ender continually matured as a leader, throughout the story. This book is in the commandants reading list because it uses military mindset along with the important traits that the marine corps wants us to have instilled in ourselves as marines. The obvious would be the leadership characteristics that are possessed by the main character. Another would be the whole scenario of the school itself. Ender left home to enter a different world. Every marine has been through this. It’s an adjustment that we all have gone through and we have all learned these same lessons along the way weather we are aware that we have or not.

Character’s Personality in the Great Gatsby Essay

The Great Gatsby, a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a love story about one man’s desire to climb the social ladder and to marry the girl of his dreams. In this novel, Fitzgerald uses imagery and many symbols to reveal significant aspects of the central character, Jay Gatsby’s, personality. The green light reveals hope in Gatsby’s future. His mansion is also a symbol, representing his wealth but also how he still wishes to be classed higher in society. The Eggs also represent the barriers between the upper and lower classes of Long Island. First of all, the colour green that is displayed through the light that Gatsby notices â€Å"[Daisy] always [has on] that burns all night at the end of [her] dock† (91) represents Jay Gatsby’s jealousy towards Tom Buchanan as well as his hopes for his future, including the American Dream. Envy that Gatsby feels for Tom Buchanan is present because Gatsby loves Daisy and wanted to marry five years ago, but could not because of the difference in social class. At the time, Daisy was a rich girl and Jay, a poor boy. Daisy could not have possibly married someone as poor as Jay Gatsby and could not wait around for him either, so she married Tom Buchanan, which leads to Gatsby’s jealousy. When they are all in town, Gatsby tells Tom that â€Å"[Daisy has] never loved [him]† (124) and rather that she has loved Gatsby all along. He tells Tom that â€Å"[Daisy] only married [him] because [he] was poor and she was tired of waiting for [him]† (124). When Gatsby â€Å"[stretches] out his arms out toward the dark water† (25) at the green light, this shows Gatsby reaching for his love, Daisy Buchanan, trying to grab the woman that he could never have, which seems so close but is farther than it appears. The green light represents Gatsby’s obsession with love and his hopes to reconcile with Daisy which leads to also representing the American Dream, a dream that anyone can live the life they wish for if they work hard. The green light represents money, wealth, power and love, which is everything Gatsby wishes he had to live the American Dream. Secondly, another symbol used to reveal aspects of Jay Gatsby’s personality is his mansion. Although Gatsby lives in West Egg and lives next to Nick Carraway’s â€Å"small eyesore† (11) of a home, Nick describes Gatsby’s house as â€Å"a colossal affair by any standard† (11) and â€Å"a factual imitation of some Hà ´tel de Ville in Normandy† (11). His mansion represents his wealth and even though Gatsby is extremely rich with the money he has earned, he will never obtain his goal to be ranked high enough in society to be a part of the East Egg community with Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby’s mansion also symbolises his extravagance which is used to gain attention from people of Long Island to prove that he is just as worthy as they are. He throws big parties featuring â€Å"buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-d’oeuvres [and] spiced baked hams† (41) and an orchestra with â€Å"oboes, trombones and saxophones, and viols and cornets and piccolos† (42). All this to prove he was like them. Gatsby’s mansion, just like the green light, also represents the American Dream. A life he wish he had. Finally, one other symbol that is exemplified throughout the book is Eggs. The division of the East and West Eggs â€Å"twenty miles from the city† (10) symbolises Gatsby’s obsession with increasing his social status. Gatsby lives in West Egg, the â€Å"less fashionable† (10) of the two Eggs. The East Egg is where all the old money is. This is a place where everyone is accustomed to their wealthy lifestyle, being born into rich families, refined and are all socially conscious. The West Egg is where the new money is and where everything is over the top and flashy. Despite the fact that Gatsby lives in West Egg, he aspires to be accepted into the East Egg Society by flaunting his wealth. In conclusion, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses many symbols in The Great Gatsby to reveal significant aspects of the central character, Jay Gatsby’s, personality. The green light signifies jealousy, envy, hope and the American Dream while Gatsby’s mansion demonstrates his want to be something he is not. The division between the Eggs are also important and symbolise Gatsby’s obsession in climbing the social ladder. Works Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Penguin Books; London, England, 1950.

Certificado para demostrar ciudadanía estadounidense

Certificado para demostrar ciudadanà ­a estadounidense El certificado de ciudadanà ­a estadounidense es un documento emitido por el gobierno de Estados Unidos que sirve para acreditar que una persona tiene la nacionalidad estadounidense. Su nombre en inglà ©s es Certificate of Citizenship. Certificado de ciudadanà ­a estadounidense El certificado de ciudadanà ­a es un documento que se puede utilizar para acreditar la nacionalidad de EE.UU. en los siguientes casos:Estadounidenses nacidos en otro paà ­s que adquieren la nacionalidad a travà ©s de padre/madre en momento de nacimientoNià ±os extranjeros adoptados por estadounidensesMenores de 18 aà ±os nacidos fuera de EE.UU. que se convierten en ciudadanos de forma derivada cuando uno de los padres se naturaliza y se cumplen todos los requisitos.Casos especiales para muchachos menores de 18 aà ±os a fecha de 27 de febrero de 2001 y se encontraban en EE.UU. como residentes permanentes.En todos los dems casos no incluidos en los tres anteriores los ciudadanos estadounidenses pueden acreditar su condicià ³n por medio de otros documentos.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden solicitar el Certificado de ciudadanà ­a? Pueden solicitar este certificacià ³n las personas que recaen en una de las categorà ­as siguientes: En primer lugar, las personas que nacen en otro paà ­s y son ciudadanos americanos a travà ©s de padre o madre desde el momento de su nacimiento. Cabe destacar que la ley actual contempla requisitos diferentes si el progenitor americano es el padre o la madre o si son solteros o casados. La ley actual aplica a las personas nacidas despuà ©s del 17 de noviembre de 1986. Para las nacidas con anterioridad a esa fecha debern comprobar la ley que se aplicaba en el momento de su nacimiento. En segundo lugar, los nacidos fuera de Estados Unidos y que adquieren la ciudadanà ­a de forma derivada por sus padres en algà ºn momento despuà ©s de su nacimiento y antes de cumplir los 18 aà ±os de edad. Hay que tener en cuenta que si el que se  naturaliza es el padre,  los hijos han de ser legà ­timos o ser legitimados antes de que los menores cumplan los 16 aà ±os y adems tienen que vivir con el padre que los legitima. Adems, es requisito imprescindible que los menores tengan su propia tarjeta de residencia permanente y residan habitualmente en EE.UU. con el padre o la madre que se naturaliza. En otras palabras, si el menor de 18 aà ±os reside fuera de los EE.UU. o, residiendo en el paà ­s, no tiene su propia green card, no adquiere de forma automtica la nacionalidad estadounidense cuando su padre o madre se naturaliza. Tampoco la adquiere si no convive con el progenitor que se naturaliza. En tercer lugar, los  adoptados por un ciudadano estadounidense. Los nacidos fuera de Estados Unidos que son adoptados por un ciudadano  y que entran al paà ­s como un IR-3 adquieren automticamente la ciudadanà ­a. En el caso de que la adopcià ³n no fuera final, deber esperar a que à ©sta se produzca. Estas personas tambià ©n pueden acreditar su nueva nacionalidad con este certificado. Y en cuarto lugar, los casos especiales de los extranjeros que eran menores de 18 aà ±os antes del 27 de febrero de 2001 y que vivà ­an en Estados Unidos como residentes permanentes legales pueden tambià ©n solicitar un certificado de ciudadanà ­a si: Antes de esa fecha ambos padres se naturalizarono en el caso de viudedad lo hizo el padre sobrevivienteo en los casos de separacià ³n o divorcio o semejantes solo uno de los padres tenà ­a la guardia y custodia sobre el menor y à ©ste es el progenitor que se naturalizà ³. Los ciudadanos estadounidenses no incluidos en los casos anteriormente expuestos pueden acreditar su nacionalidad mediante otros documentos como, por ejemplo, el pasaporte de EE.UU., el certificado de nacimiento o el de naturalizacià ³n, el Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Exterior, etc. Trmites para pedir el certificado de ciudadanà ­a Como regla general y salvo la excepcià ³n que se especifica en este artà ­culo ms abajo, debe llenarse la  planilla a rellenar es la N-600  para solicitar el certificado de ciudadanà ­a. Es importante resaltar que se puede completar esta planilla en cualquier momento, incluso despuà ©s de cumplir los 18 aà ±os.   Lo importante es que los requisitos se cumplà ­an todos antes de cumplir esos aà ±os. Si se solicita el certificado de ciudadanà ­a para un menor, puede hacerlo a su nombre el padre o madre o guardin legal que tenga la guardia y custodia legal y fà ­sica del nià ±o o nià ±a. No pueden rellenar la planilla N-600 las personas que se encuentren en una de las siguientes situaciones: los hijastros de ciudadanos americanos, para los que sà ­ se puede solicitar una tarjeta de residencia.Tampoco pueden solicitar este certificado los hijos no reconocidos como legà ­timos por su padre ciudadano antes de cumplir los 16 aà ±os de edad.  Ni las personas que han llenado previamente este formulario y el USCIS ya se ha pronunciado. Asimismo tener en cuenta que en el caso de hijos de ciudadanos que residen habitualmente fuera de los Estados Unidos el formulario a llenar es el N-600K. Adems,tanto si corresponde el N-600 como el N-600K  debe incluirse una serie de documentacià ³n para acreditar la ciudadanà ­a y la causa por la que se adquirià ³. Verificar el listado de todos la papelerà ­a que es necesaria y prestar atencià ³n ya que los requisitos varà ­an segà ºn la causa por la que se alega que se es ciudadano. El arancel a pagar es de $1.170 y es gratis para miembro en activo o veteranos del Ejà ©rcito. Se puede pagar mediante money order o cheque pagadero al U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Nunca utilizar abreviaciones y se deben observar todas las reglas necesarias para completar las planillas de inmigracià ³n. Por à ºltimo, el formulario firmado y la documentacià ³n adjunta debe enviarse por correo ordinario a: USCISP.O.Box 20100Phoenix, AZ 85036 Sin embargo, si se utiliza el servicio de correo exprà ©s, la direccià ³n es la siguiente: USCISAttn: Form N-6001820 E. Skyharbor Circle SSuite 100Phoenix, AZ 85034 En la actualidad es posible llenar este formulario online en la pgina oficial de USCIS. Quà © hacer si el certificado de ciudadanà ­a se extravà ­a, se daà ±a o es robado En estos casos se puede solicitar uno de reemplazo. Para ello completar el formulario N-565 y enviarlo al USCIS con la documentacià ³n de apoyo y el pago de la cuota correspondiente. Tips sobre la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense La ciudadanà ­a americana brinda, sin duda, excelentes ventajas e incluso derechos ms importantes que ser simplemente residente permanente. Pero no olvidar que tambià ©n conlleva obligaciones, como por ejemplo el Servicio Selectivo para el caso de varones jà ³venes.   Por à ºltimo, aunque Estados Unidos admite las situaciones de doble nacionalidad, informarse sobre las causas que pueden dar lugar a que se pierda la ciudadanà ­a o que à ©sta pueda ser revocada. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Discrimination Against Women essays

Discrimination Against Women essays The perception of certain work as feminine has had a significant impact on women, both at home and in the workplace. Often feminine jobs regulate women to positions where they earn less money and are less likely to become management than their male counterparts. In addition, at home women are still chiefly responsible for managing the household and child rearing. These mundane and repetitive duties are not considered masculine, like vehicle maintenance and yard work, and therefore fall on the shoulders of women. Working women constantly battle against horizontal segregation, the separation of women and men into gender specific jobs. These feminine positions, also known as pink collar jobs, mainly involve working with people, domestic duties, and administrative work. Men mostly hold both blue collar jobs, factory and mechanical work, and white collar jobs, professional work. These positions are considered more valuable which translates into higher wages. Additionally, blue collar jobs are often unionized resulting in both higher wages and better benefits. Another phenomenon that affects working women is vertical segregation, gender separation within the same job classification. For example, female physicians on the average make only 77 percent of what male physicians make. Likewise, female lawyers are less likely to practice criminal law and are more likely to practice family law. In turn, they earn around 70 percent of male lawyers salaries.1 Similarly, female college professors typically teach in the humanities and social science disciplines, while male professors are more visible in the physical sciences. The masculine positions are viewed by society to be more important and valuable; therefore, they pay more and command higher respect. Many women have been denied top-level positions in their professions simply because they are females. Although they have earned the degrees and put in the necessary yea...

Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Example

Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Example Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Aple Inc. And Starbucks Corporation Essay Essay Topic: A Modest Proposal and Other Stories Recognition The undertaking of such magnitude can non be accomplished without the aid and co-operation of several people. Exchange of thought generates a new object to work in a better manner. So. whenever a individual is helped and co-operation by others. His bosom is bound to pay gratitude and is non merely formalities but an look of deep sense of gratitude and cumulative grasp. First of wholly. We wish to show our deep sense of gratitude to our modules Prof. Sanjay Srivastava and Mr. Rajan Arora who taught us such an interesting and rationally sound topic named B2B Marketing and besides provided us such a immense acquisition chance of doing this undertaking study. We would besides wish to thank our several wise mans whose support and counsel along with timely advice has helped us to finish this undertaking study. At least. we can non bury to show our great-fullness to our parents every bit good as our friends for supplying us competitory frame work. Contentss of the Report Executive Summary Apple Inc: A SWOT Analysis Situational Analysis Business Customer: Starbucks Corporation End User Insight into Demand Competition Analysis Dell Hewlett Packer IBM Environmental Climate Recommendations Mission Statement Marketing Aims Merchandise Scheme Pricing Scheme Distribution Scheme Promotional Strategy Fiscal Analysis Cash Escapes Break Even Analysis Cost per Customer Executive Summary Apple. Inc. was incorporated on January 3. 1977 with the mission to industry and design quality personal computing machines and package. Apple creates and markets personal computing machines and portable digital music participants every bit good as accoutrements and services. Apples merchandises and services include the Macintosh ® line of desktops and portable computing machines. the Mac OSX ® runing system. the iPod ® line of portable digital music participants. the iTunes Store ® . every bit good as a portfolio of peripherals that support the computing machine and mp3 participant merchandise lines. Apple sells to assorted markets including consumers. originative professionals. authorities and concern clients. Apples concern scheme leverages its alone ability to plan and develop its ain operating system. hardware. application package. and services to supply clients new merchandises and solutions with superior ease-of-use. seamless integrating. and advanced industrial design . 1 As the market for personal computing machines grows each twelvemonth. Apple seeks to capitalise on this growing by beef uping its bridgehead in the industry. In order to carry through this. Apple has recognized a demand to leverage their trade name in defence of intense competition in the market. In recent old ages. there has been a diminution in Apples market portion in computing machine merchandises. In order to stay competitory and pull more consumers. Apple has to happen other advanced avenues to increase their market portion and increase exposure to aim audiences. More specifically. Apple must happen new possible clients and present them to Apple merchandises through alone promotional methods and channels. Apple must accommodate to altering client demands by prosecuting more closely with their mark market. Apple has determined a manner to carry through this via an confederation with Starbucks. The proposed program is to put up assorted Internet work Stationss within assorted Starbucks locations across the shops in India. The program is predicated on two basic rules. the turning tendency for wireless Internet Stationss. and the high potency within the java industry to tap into client sections. The Stationss have been competently dubbed. iStations. The principle behind working with Starbucks is that they portion some of the cardinal ends and qualities that would do the relationship rather synergistic. Above all. both companies portion some of the same clients. who have similar attitudes. values and beliefs. Apple Inc: A SWOT Analysis Strengths Failing Brand Image Invention and creativeness Fosters trade name equity Its strong trade name image allows the company to bear down premium monetary values for their merchandises Wide Product Mix Allows Apple to come in different sections and markets ; reassigning trade name equity Popularity Amongst the Younger Sections Highly recognized by the younger section ; top of the head consciousness Strong Financial Performance Cash flows indicate strong fiscal wellness. therefore assisting cut downing the hazard of new merchandise ventures Incompatibility with different OS. The Io and OS X are rather different from other OS and uses package that is unlike the package used in Microsoft OS. Due to such differences. both in package and hardware. users frequently choose to remain with their accustomed package and hardware ( Microsoft OS and Intel hardware ) . Decreasing market portion. The less market portion Apple has. the less it can act upon its possible clients and carry them to leap into utilizing Apple’s closed ecosystem merchandises. Patent violations. The house is frequently accused of conflicting other companies’ patents and has even lost some tests. This amendss Apple trade name and its fiscal state of affairs. Menaces Opportunities Intense Competition A batch of rivals seeking to mime Apples success. They may be inclined to copy approaching Apple investings and partnerships. Commoditization of PCs4 Demand for branded Personal computers is diminishing as standardisation reduces the quality difference between branded and unbranded Personal computers and constituents. As a consequence. it is going harder for the company to successfully distinguish its merchandises from houses that produce unbranded goods. Commoditization of Personal computers threatens trade name image Competitors’ moves in on-line music market. Apple faces menace from on-line music shops. such as Amazon. Wal-Mart and on-line music subscription companies. such as Spottily. Widening Merchandise Offer Radio industry has taken off in recent old ages. as more and more people adapt to wireless engineerings. giving rise to chances in new merchandise development. Entry into New Sections To increase market portion of PCs. Apple needs to look towards bigger and sustainable markets. High demand of iPad mini and iPhone 5. iPad mini gross revenues will increase Apple’s market portion in the tablet market and. will beef up firm’s competitory advantage. iTV launch. iTV launch will back up Apple Television gross revenues and the products’ ecosystem Increasing demand for cloud based services. Apple could spread out its scope of iCloud services and package as the demand for cloud-based services is spread outing. S I T U A T I O N A L A N A L Y S I S Starbucks Customer Profile This program is directed towards a individual concern client. Starbucks. The undermentioned treatment outlines the strategic principle behind why Starbucks should see the proposition ; that is how can Apple profit Starbucks. 1. Business Customer Profile: Starbucks Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks. is a taking forte java retail merchant in both the North American and many other International markets. It has been received good in India with its 18 mercantile establishments in New Delhi and Mumbai. Existing in India as a Joint Venture with TATA. Starbucks has seen strong growing in the Indian market and purposes to spread out its list of mercantile establishments across other metropoliss. They produce and sell a broad assortment of hot and cold drinks and Sweets through its 18 locations in India. To accomplish success. the company uses its strong trade name image to increase distinguish its offerings and craft a solid competitory place. Strengths Opportunities Brand Image Starbucks has built an first-class planetary repute based on the quality of its merchandises and for its bringing of a systematically positive consumer experience. Starbucks is an Experience. non merely a java retail merchant. Financially Strong Starbucks has reported consistent gross growing over the last three old ages in India. This is important because it provides the company with a strong fiscal base and enables it to set about new concern ventures. Expansion Starbucks mantra is to be ?everywhere. The company intends to open 100 shops by the terminal of 2014 in India. This allows for first-class market coverage. The companys widespread presence provides it with trade name acknowledgment and a strong client base. Clustering of company units With the continued growing of the java market. the company has looked to spread out its concern. including those countries where it has an established presence. Working on the footing that a cardinal driver of concern is the convenience of the companys mercantile establishment locations in the North American markets. Starbucks aims to aim constellating its units so as to rule peculiar countries in India. Entry into new markets As portion of its scheme to increase its world-wide presence. Starbucks has late opened shops in several new states. This would supply the company with new chances for gross growing. New shops Starbucks opened 15 new company-operated shops during 2011. Growth in java market India’s domestic java ingestion is set to enter a modest growing rate of 9 % at 1. 2 million bags ( 72. 000 metric tons ) during the twelvemonth 2013-14 compared to 1. 1 million bags ( 66. 000 metric tons ) last twelvemonth. Harmonizing to United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . the ingestion in India has been vibrating about 1. 2 million bags for the past five old ages. It had slipped to 1. 1 million bags in 2012-13. the USDA said in its latest study on Coffee: World Markets and Trade . Failings Menaces Reliance on trade name Success depends extremely on the value of the Starbucks trade name. Therefore. they must pay important attending to the manner their actions may impact trade name equity. Reliance on drink invention Historically. Starbucks store gross revenues growing has been dominated beverage invention ; but how sustainable is this? Problems in some international operations The company has been confronting certain troubles in some of its international operations and enlargements. They have faced several failures across the seas. Competition Face intense competition from a broad scope of sectors: eating houses. java stores. etc. from Barista. Cafe Coffee twenty-four hours. Costa Coffee. etc. Currently Cafe Coffee Day holds a major interest in the Indian Coffee drink market. Saturated markets in the developed economic systems The company faces long-run concerns sing its International shop growing potency. If current growing continues. impregnation degrees within the North American retail division will be reached within five old ages. Cardinal Insight: 1. Reliance on Beverage Innovation 2. Problems in International Operations 3. Intense Competition A strategic confederation with Apple Inc can assist diversify the service options that end-users may happen at specific Starbucks locations. This will assist: 1. Switch trust from drinks onto a wider range of services 2. Help stimulate demand in a concentrated market ; peculiarly of import given international issues 3. Help them better place themselves against rivals 2. End-Users The following tabular array lineations both the end-users from Apples and Starbucks position. The intent of such a comparing is to demo that both companies are aiming a similar mark audience. Therefore showing an confederation between two can heighten their attempts in pacifying to this mark audiences demand. Starbucks Consumers Apple Consumers Starbucks holds around 33 per centum of the market portion for java in the U. S. It sells about as much java as do fast nutrient and convenience shops combined. even though it the majority of its consumers are in metropoliss or upscale suburban countries. Starbucks has been able to derive such a big portion of the market by providing specifically to a chiseled mark audience. Starbucks has besides become a centre for socialising and rational treatment. peculiarly among pupils and immature urban professionals. Starbucks created a ?unique offering that was relevant and differentiated. It turned an ordinary and low merchandise into an extraordinary experience that clients are willing to encompass. Starbucks has focused on the ?experience? around the ingestion of java. Its stigmatization scheme consists of java. service. and atmosphere. ?People semen for the java. but the atmosphere is what makes them desire to stay? Apple users are more likely than Personal computer users to hold a higher household income. have received a alumnus grade and be freelance. Apple clients are loyal. have great passion and are really vocal. ?In Apple’s 30 old ages of concern. they have formed a tight-knit. alone community. Some have stated that they’re likely the largest subculture – non merely are they consumers of Apple merchandises. but gross revenues people every bit good. Now that Apple has introduced the ?Apple Store . these communities are able to portion and bask all of their favourite apple merchandises. farther encompassing and advancing the Apple civilization. Approximately 50 % of Apple clients plan to purchase another Apple computing machine. This demonstrates consumers strong trade name trueness and future committedness to Apple. Starbucks began offering wireless Internet entree in its international mercantile establishments to heighten the experience for pupils. concern travellers. and web surfboarders who take advantage of this service while sipping their favourite java. Starbucks is committed to selling the experience while carry oning its concern in ways that ?produce societal. environmental and economic benefits for communities in which it does concern. Starbucks besides began to sell music Cadmiums in its java stores because the ?number one inquiry from their clients is. `What is that vocal playing? Starbucks has created a retail environment where people come in and pay attending to what is traveling on around them. instead than merely seeking to acquire in and out with their java. Schultz ( Chairman ) sees a Starbucks shop as the third place in a person’s life - after place and work. Peoples come to Starbucks to acquire off from the noise. and we have to handle it like a sacred environment. Today. the trade name stands for ?cool. hip. and up-to-date merchandises that gaining control people’s imaginativeness. Steve Jobs ( CEO ) had a genius for the dramatic. and besides captured people’s imaginativeness. Consumers buy Apple merchandises because of the personal association with the latter factors. and a ( leader ) CEO that many see their God. [ Cult-like behaviour ] Many people tend to observe that it is difficult to acquire people to travel to a Mac. but one time they do they be given to remain. Drumhead As demonstrated above. both Starbucks and Apple focal point on similar mark audiences. We have learned that these consumers are loyal. passionate. active ( both in shop and out ) . and see the several trade name as their ain. Each consumer group enjoys the environment and atmosphere they frequent ( both at Starbucks java houses and Apple retail shops ) . and position it as a 3rd topographic point ( Starbucks ) where they can get away when non at work or place. Both Apple and Starbucks consumers feel that they are portion of a privileged and sole cultural group that extends beyond the merchandises available for sale. Many treatment boards and web sites have been developed by consumer fiends to farther spread out each civilization. These consumers have become the enviousness of rival-marketers. as they non merely back up the trade name. but assistance in selling the merchandises through assorted mediums. Within the forte drink industry. there are three predominating tendencies that exi st: sensory. wellness. and convenience. These three tendencies are the impulsive forces of client penchant. Based on the proposed iStation. for both Starbucks and Apple centripetal bringing is an of import value to their clients. Each company offers alone and sole merchandises that allow clients to hold a higher value perceptual experience and even pay more for it. When devouring Starbucks gourmet java drinks. clients may experience particular or exclusive- similar to Apple clients. This suggests that these elicited sensory feelings are cardinal to the trade name value that is communicated by both Starbucks and Apple. Consumer Tendencies: Wireless Technology and Coffee Shops There is an increased tendency of wireless engineering in constitutions such as airdromes. hotels and java stores. Offering free radio engineering has proven to be a success factor for constitutions such as java stores. Wireless engineering has increased the communicating between household. friends and co-workers. This addition in communicating engineering would supply an chance for Starbucks. From this. the Apple iStation will move as an added benefit for Starbucks. Decisions For Starbucks. the demands of the younger client section have been altering. In order to fulfill these demands. it is important for Starbucks to present value in an advanced manner. In kernel. the clients of Starbucks portion the same attitudes and are demographically kindred to Apple users. Understanding the behaviours and attitudes is cardinal cognition for Apple to find how to increase the satisfaction of this client section. By implementing the iStations in Starbucks. it can potentially increase their lifetime value and keeping for Starbucks. The growing in ingestion of persons between the ages of 18-24 indicates much chance. Within the java industry. Starbucks is the leader in forte drinks. For this ground. Apple should take Starbucks as a strategic spouse is because of Starbucks place as a leader in the java industry. The principle behind this strategic confederation is that it can potentially pull more clients for Starbucks and. in bend. opens up another promotional locale for Apple. For bing Apple users. iStations will be able to construct on their trade name trueness to Apple. In add-on. by implementing iStations in Starbucks shops. non-existing prospective Apple clients will be given the chance to try Apple devices. leting them to see the maps of Apples merchandises. and perchance luring them to purchase Apples merchandises. Potential Market Reach: How Many Peoples can Starbucks aid Apple Reach? At this point it is difficult to quantify demand for a merchandise that is presently non being asked for. However. to convey about some sort of empirical principle. we can seek to find how many people within our focal audience may be reached if such a undertaking is undertaken. Population of Indian Cities where we intend to establish the iStation. City Population within Age Group of Interest New Delhi 16. 75 million Bombay 18. 41 million Bangalore 8. 426 million Sum 43. 586 million people Potential range could change given: a ) The truth of the estimations given above ; B ) The choice of metropoliss to establish the undertaking ; degree Celsius ) The spillover consequence onto people who arent within the mark audience. Buying Behavior From the position of Starbucks. the purchase of the iStation would stand for a new-buy as it represents a merchandise class they are non presently involved in. This allows us to deduce the followers: 1. Given Starbucks involvement in the undertaking. they would non hold an elicited set of providers. Therefore. it gives Apple purchase in successfully marketing themselves for the trade. 2. The value proposition. as to why this undertaking will increase value to Starbucks terminal users. becomes highly of import as it is out of their current kingdom of minutess. 3. The undermentioned chart shows the elements involved in the choice procedure. from the buyers perspective. Decision Process Phase Managerial Deduction Recognition of Needs Make their end-users want this option within Starbucks locations? If so. the demand does be and should be considered. Development of Specifications If actions are taken to fulfill this demand. what exact demands do end-users desire. and does Starbucks have the resources available to run into these demands? Search for Sources and Acquire Proposals Will Starbucks take this thought to open command. or will they cover entirely with a individual house? Evaluate Options Which provider provides the best organisational tantrum with Starbucks? Choice of Order Routine Use a partnership/preferred provider doctrine. or take an adversarial attack? Feedback and Evaluation Test end-users satisfaction from the implemented undertaking. Besides. measure the provider relationship ; did they remain true to their promises? The undermentioned selling deductions are from the seller’s. Apple’s position: Personal Selling: To get down a relationship between the two organisations. Face-to-face meetings will assist ease a joint-vision. Promotion and Ad: Presentations on how the iStation will work will assist Starbucks envision the undertaking. Detailss and instruction information that will assist steer the determination. These tools should sketch the benefits Starbucks should anticipate from come ining into an confederation. The promotional subdivision on page 21 will cover the buying agents involved by both parties. However. the premise is that both houses will use cross-functional squads to manage the trade. C O M P E T I T I O N Even though Apple Inc. aims at a niche market. it is still found in the thick of a competitory engineering industry market. The undermentioned expressions at three major rivals: Dell. IBM and HP. The focal point of this analysis is to understand their corporate vision and see what marketing inducements they are presently set abouting. As such. our focal point is on generic market competition DELL INC. Established in 1984. Dell is one of the world’s largest providers of personal computing machines and related merchandises. It is besides a taking participant in the US and worldwide for notebook computing machine cargos. Despite withdrawing market portion to Hewlett-Packard Company in the recent yesteryear. in an industry plagued with intense competition. Dell continues to hold a strong market place in the computing machine hardware section. Its HQ is located in Round Rock. Texas. Merchandise Offer Dell designs. develops. industries. markets. sells and supports information engineering systems and services. The company sells to a diverse group of people. Merchandises are sold straight to big corporate. authorities. health care. and instruction clients every bit good as small-to-medium concerns and single consumers. 1 ) Dell offers its merchandises in six classs: 2 ) Desktop computing machines: there are three chief types of which each are directed towards a specific section 3 ) Optiplex: intuitional. authorities. concern Dimension: little concern XPS: amusement demand of single clients 1. mobility merchandises: MP3 participants. handhelds and notebook computing machines 2. package and peripherals: pressmans. computing machine shows. assorted package. notebook accoutrements. networking and radio merchandises. digital cameras. power arrangers. and scanners 3. waiters and networking merchandises 4. storage merchandises: tape backup merchandises. direct affiliated storage. web affiliated storage and storage country webs Pricing Dell has been a pricing leader and is contending to recover market portion. But there are strong signals that the company will non give border in the channel to win that market portion back. In its most recent one-fourth. Dell reported an addition in merchandise borders specifically because it opted to diminish gross revenues of lower-margin merchandises. Even though Dell now is selling low-cost desktops. the commercial section is a different portion of Dell’s scheme. doing a monetary value war improbable. Promotion Dell is traveling focus onto its client service quality in hopes to raise its service degrees. The company’s mark on the Indian Customer Satisfaction Index ( ICSI ) indicates range for bettering its client service farther. The company’s ISCI score improved from 74 in 2005 to 78 in 2006. but still below that of Apple ( 83 in 2006 ) and its ain tonss of 80 in 2000 and 79 in 2004. 37 37 Marketline. Dell has been altering their promotional scheme. Traditionally Dells promotional scheme focused on monetary value or Personal computer characteristics. Their new promotional way is headed by the tagline Yours Is Here. It late launched a line of laptops in a scope of colourss ; nevertheless the company has non been able to bring forth laptops in some of the colourss clients want most. The concluding behind this alteration in promotional way is ?If we use colour and the merriment factor. it offers a whole different value proposition. Print versions are looking on locales including coachs. metro postings. and taxi tops. which Dell hasn’t used antecedently. Interestingly plenty. Dell’s new selling. while colorful. has a ?me-too? feel that simply mimics schemes of rivals. peculiarly Apple. Distribution Dell has traditionally sold its merchandises straight to consumers. hence extinguishing jobbers and retail merchants. Their direct concern theoretical account avoided outgos associated with retail such as stock list carrying costs. obsolescence associated with engineering merchandises. and retail mark-ups. It was this concern that made Dell the industry monetary value leader. Furthermore. the theoretical account yielded a competitory advantage as it allowed Dell to present the latest relevant engineering much more rapidly than companies with slow-moving. indirect distribution channels. However. after 23 old ages. Dell has departed from this theoretical account and has begun retailing its merchandises through IT Companies In an international context. while opening up to retail merchants. Dell is besides trying to better profitableness by using their client base into turning abroad markets like China. To further this. they have besides begun to travel concern operations to these market s. HEWLETT-PACKARD Company Established in 1939. Hewlett-Packard Company ( HP ) is a supplier of personal computer science and other entree devices. engineerings. solutions and services to single consumers. little and moderate-sized concerns ( SMBs ) and big endeavors. Few of Hewlett-Packards merchandises compete on a direct merchandise market with Apple. specifically its consumer computing machines and workstation goods. This puts HP in a narrow class arrangement with Apple. nevertheless this specific merchandise group takes much of both the companys R A ; D. selling and gross revenues distribution making much attending and dedication towards forcing these merchandises onto their merchandise market. Its HQ is located in Palo Alto. California. Merchandise Offer Hewlett-Packard is a supplier of personal computer science. electronic entree devices. engineerings. package. services. solutions and a broad array of electronic merchandises worldwide: HP is divided into seven sections. 1. Enterprise storage and waiters ( ESS ) : provides storage and waiter merchandises for endeavors and SMB markets. 2. HP Services: provides multi-vendor IT services. including engineering services. confer withing and integrating services. and managed services. 3. Software solutions: aid endeavors to pull off their IT substructure. operations. applications. IT services and concern procedures. 4. Personal Systems Group ( PSG ) : provides commercial and consumer Personal computers. workstations. handheld calculating devices. digital amusement systems. reckoners. and other related accoutrements. package and services 5. Imaging and Printing Group ( IPG ) : section offers inkjet pressmans. digital picture taking and amusement devices. optical maser jet pressmans. artworks and imaging devices. and pressman supplies. 6. HP fiscal services: assist the clients in geting IT solutions. including hardware package and services 7. Corporate Investings: includes Hewlett- Packard Laboratories ( HP L abs ) . and other concern incubation undertakings. Pricing Production costs for HP are set to 12. 7 % of its grosss in 2002. 2 The figures show that bring forthing HP merchandises and service cost a twelfth of what the company makes. which gives it much room for purchase in raising its promotional and distribution costs. It is of import to hold this purchase since much of the high-technical companies need thorough resources in its research and development sections to remain in par or in front with its closest rivals. Distribution Hewlett-Packard has more than 750 outsourcing clients worldwide which are served from 20 planetary operations direction centres in the United States. Europe. Latin America and Asia-Pacific. Promotion Hewlett-Packard has high trade name equity. which is built by its strong promotional and selling runs. As portion of their promotional tactics. HP uses a broad scope of high-profile personalities to pull consumers. The cardinal property advertised in HP advertisement is invention and is carried through all merchandise lines. With regard to aiming to little concerns. they tend to concentrate on how HP merchandises have helped enterprisers in successful ventures. IBM CORPORATION Established in 1924. International Business Machines Corporations ( IBM ) is the worlds largest information engineering company. engaged in supplying concern. engineering and consulting services. They develop. industry and sell hardware and package and offer audience for large and little companies. Its HQ is located in Armonk. New York. Merchandise Offer The company concern operations offer a scope of services and engineerings which includes. hardware. package. funding. research and bit engineerings. They presently operate in the undermentioned six sectors. 1. The fiscal services include banking. fiscal markets and insurance. 2. The public sector includes instruction. authorities. health care and life scientific disciplines. 3. The industrial sector includes aerospace. automotive. defence. chemical and crude oil. electronics. 4. The distribution sector comprises of consumer merchandises. retail. travel. transit. 5. The communications sector comprises telecommunications. media and amusement. energy and public-service corporations 6. Small and medium concern dwelling of companies with less than 1. 000 employees. Pricing IBM has decided non to vie on monetary value with companies like Microsoft or Dell. IBM has decided to establish their pricing on value integrating stating ?when clients buy a waiter they dont purchase a Dell. they buy a solution. The value is in the package. Promotion Presently IBM is the taking supplier of IT services. This prima place provides IBM with a positive trade name image and places the company in a competitory place. The companys investing in R A ; D puts the company at a technological advantage every bit good. What sets IBM apart from their rivals is the companys ability to introduce and supply globally incorporate solutions. In 2006 IBM launched their selling communications run subject ?What makes you special? . This run was rather successful as IBM was able to back up ease their clients invention plans. An illustration of how IBM is utilizing its advanced service capablenesss to better their clients client service issues. IBM is presenting new radio. self-service booths. with POS and look into out systems. One of the

The History of the Taxi

The History of the Taxi A taxicab or taxi or cab is a car and driver that can be hired to carry passengers to a requested destination. What Did We Hail Pre-Taxi? Before the invention of the car, the practice of vehicles for public hire was in place. In 1640, in Paris, Nicolas Sauvage offered horse-drawn carriages and drivers for hire. In 1635, the Hackney Carriage Act was the first legislation passed that controlled horse-drawn carriages for hire in England. Taximeter The name taxicab was taken from the word taximeter. The taximeter is the instrument which measures the distance or time a vehicle travels and allows an accurate fare to be determined. The taximeter was invented by the German inventor, Wilhelm Bruhn in 1891. Daimler Victoria Gottlieb Daimler built the worlds first dedicated taxi in 1897 called the Daimler Victoria. The taxi came equipped with the newly invented taxi meter. On 16 June 1897, the Daimler Victoria taxi was delivered to Friedrich Greiner, a Stuttgart entrepreneur who started the worlds first motorized taxi company. First Taxi Accident On September 13, 1899, the first American died in a car accident. That car was a Taxi, there were about one hundred taxis operating on New Yorks streets that year. Sixty-eight-year-old Henry Bliss was helping a friend from a street car when a taxi driver lost control and fatally hit Bliss. Yellow Taxi Historical Facts Taxi company owner, Harry Allen was the first person to have yellow taxis. Allen painted his taxis yellow to stand out. Taxi Dreams: By the end of the 19th century, automobiles began to appear on city streets throughout the country. It was not long before a number of these cars were hiring themselves out in competition with horse-drawn carriages.Vance Thompsons Cab Drivers: Vance Thompson (1863-1925) published five articles on horse cab drivers in Paris, London, Dublin and New York and on gondoliers in Venice.Taxi! A brief history of the London Taxi: The first motorized London taxi, the 1897 Bersey, was electrically powered and was called the Hummingbird because of its sound.In 1922, the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company was founded in Joliet, IL, and production was set for three taxis a day

Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons

Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons By Hugh Ashton Writing tools can affect your style. In the days of quill and dip pens, the length of sentences (or at least, phrases) was apparently determined by the amount of ink held by the pen, and prose rhythm was dictated by this simple physical constraint. Fountain pens extended the scope of the writer. No longer did (s)he have to pause in the composition of the sentence, reach over to the inkwell and use those few seconds to determine what to write next. Sentences could flow for ever, like those of Henry James. But even with a fountain pen, revisions don’t come easily. In Lamb House, Rye, where James lived for many years, some galley proofs of his works are on display, covered with major handwritten amendments. Whole paragraphs deleted and added, sentences turned on their heads, etc. No publisher today, even with modern technology, would accept such major revisions to a book at galley stage. It would appear, though, that typesetting really does crystallize a writer’s thoughts, and give a firm foundation for the next stage in the writing process. Of course, many authors used typewriters when they became available. Mark Twain, a neophile and early adopter, wrote: The machine has several virtues. I believe it will print faster than I can write. One may lean back in his chair work it. It piles an awful stack of words on one page. It don’t muss things or scatter ink blots around. Of course it saves paper. And as someone who grew up doing a lot of writing (books, articles, etc.) on a typewriter (manual Olivetti portable, and later an electric Facit golfball), I have to agree with Samuel Clemens. Mind you, corrections were tricky. I used a lot of correction fluid and paper, and rewriting a whole sentence often meant starting again from scratch on a new page. The sheer drudgery and physical labor involved in hitting typewriter keys (less with electric than a manual, of course) meant you had to think carefully about what you wrote. Planning a whole page in advance (or at least a paragraph) wasn’t uncommon. Certainly you tended to write a sentence before putting it down on paper, because it was too much trouble to recast it once it had been typed. Of course, all this refers to the first draft. Creating a second draft was often a question of starting again from scratch, or a literal â€Å"cut and paste† job. Another way of writing books was (still is for some) dictation to a shorthand secretary or a dictation machine. Dictation can produce long flowing streams of consciousness, poor style, and very clumsy or sloppy plotting in the worst cases, not to mention novels that are parodies of the author’s own style. But then came word-processors. But that’s for another week. In the meantime, your exercise for the week is to look at some older pieces of writing, and see if you can reconstruct how the authors got the words out of their heads onto paper. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowThe Uses of â€Å"The†

Entender las órdenes ejecutivas migratorias de Trump

Entender las à ³rdenes ejecutivas migratorias de Trump Donald Trump  llegà ³ a la presidencia de los Estados Unidos prometiendo grandes cambios en materia migratoria, que empiezan a ser una realidad en relacià ³n al  muro,  deportaciones, programa Comunidades Seguras, ciudades santuario, refugiados y visas Adems se espera novedades inmediatas en relacià ³n a visa H-1B, visa E-2, etc. Este artà ­culo trata  de las novedades en esos temas y tambià ©n de las que se esperan pronto porque Trump aludià ³ a ellos la campaà ±a pero sobre los que todavà ­a no hay noticias. Siempre tratando de dar informacià ³n sobre lo que se sabe por ahora y de huir de la especulacià ³n, que tanto daà ±o y miedo est causando. Los temas que se tratan son en este artà ­culo son: Construccià ³n del muro en frontera con Mà ©xicoDeportacià ³n y sus prioridadesRefugiados y prohibiciones para paà ­ses musulmanesCiudadanà ­a de los hijos de migrantes indocumentadosConfiscacià ³n de dineroDACA y otros programas aprobados por Accià ³n EjecutivaReforma migratoriaVisas TN para mexicanos y canadiensesVisas no inmigrantes, tipo turista, estudiantes, trabajo temporal, etc Detenciones, comunidades seguras y ciudades santuario Por orden ejecutiva de enero de 2017  se re-establece el  Programa Comunidades Seguras,  que fue el que  causà ³ un incremento  enorme  de  deportaciones  en los primeros aà ±os del gobierno de Obama. Adems, se ha prometido deportar a tres millones de migrantes indocumentados criminales. Esto en la prctica se ha traducido en redadas en hogares y lugares de trabajo en al menos 6 estados con arrestos de cientos de migrantes con rà ©cord pero tambià ©n con un rà ©cord absolutamente limpio. Y en eventos no relacionados se ha procedido a la deportacià ³n de migrantes con felonies consideradas menores. Esta es la  nueva realidad de polà ­tica de deportacià ³n y sus prioridades,  asà ­ como quà © se puede hacer y cà ³mo estar preparado. Construccin de un muro en la frontera de Estados Unidos con Mxico Por orden de Trump, Estados Unidos reforzar la seguridad en su frontera terrestre con Mà ©xico mediante la construccià ³n de un muro. Se estima que costar unos $ 6.5 millones de dà ³lares americanos por cada milla construida a lo que hay que sumar otros $4.2 millones por milla en concepto de carreteras de acceso y dems infraestructuras de apoyo. Adems, habrà ­a que sumar el importe por su mantenimiento. Por todo ello se estima que el costo final puede rondar desde los $14 a los $20 mil millones de dà ³lares americanos (billones, en la manera de contar de Estados Unidos). Aunque no est clara la procedencia de todo el dinero para la construccià ³n de un muro a lo largo de casi 2 mil millas de frontera, al menos una parte ser dinero federal ya presupuestado para otros asuntos que se destinar ahora para dicha construccià ³n. Refugiados y pases musulmanes La nueva orden ejecutiva a aplicar por decisià ³n de la Corte Suprema hasta que se decida sobre su constitucional  es que  se prohibe el ingreso a los Estados Unidos   por 90 dà ­as a  los ciudadanos 6 paà ­ses con poblacià ³n musulmana en su mayorà ­a: Irn,  Sudn, Libia, Somalia, Siria y Yemen. Adems, se paraliza el programa de refugiados para ciudadanos de esos  paà ­ses por 120 dà ­as. Sin embargo, esta medida no aplica a los residentes permanentes legales (green card) de ciudadanos de dichos  paà ­ses y tampoco a las personas que tengan un và ­nculo fiable con una persona o entidad de los Estados Unidos. Finalmente, tener en consideracià ³n que la situacià ³n de refugiado y asilado se parecen, pero son distintas. Ciudadana de hijos de indocumentados Una de las cosas que dijo Trump durante la campaà ±a es que quitarà ­a la ciudadanà ­a a los hijos de migrantes indocumentados. Esto es altamente improbable que ocurra porque ese derecho de la ciudadanà ­a para los nacidos en Estados Unidos est protegido en la Constitucià ³n y quitarlo requerirà ­a una reforma constitucional, lo cual es difà ­cil. Confiscacin de dinero Este es uno de los temores extendidos por las comunidades migrantes. Pero es que no es posible para el gobierno confisca el dinero por razà ³n del estatus migratorio de su dueà ±o. Y esto es asà ­ tanto para el que se tiene en Estados Unidos como para el que se envà ­a por remesa a otro paà ­s Si el gobierno quisiera hacerlo serà ­a inconstitucional y habrà ­a una gran batalla en corte. Ordenes Ejecutivas del presidente Obama: Dreamers y militares Durante su presidencia Obama decidià ³ dar ciertas protecciones a migrantes indocumentados. Algunas como Parole In Place, para familiares de militares, y DACA, para muchachos que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os, salieron adelantes y estn siendo aplicados. Con fecha del 5 de septiembre de 2017, no se admiten aplicaciones nuevas para DACA. Adems se ha anunciado que con fecha del 5 de marzo de 2018 DACA dejar de existir, ponià ©ndose asà ­ fin a los permisos de trabajo y a las protecciones frente a la deportacià ³n que benefician a un total de ms de 800 mil jà ³venes indocumentados   conocidos como Dreamers yque llegaron al paà ­s siendo nià ±os y que cumplà ­an requisitos muy estrictos para estar protegidos por este programa. Para informarse hay pginas muy buenas dedicadas a los Dreamers como la de United We Dream o la de My Undocumented Life.   Reforma migratoria Durante la presidencia de Barak Obama hubo varios intentos de reforma migratoria promovidos por comità ©s tanto en la Cmara de Representantes como en el Senado, con partidarios de ambos partidos. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos quedaron en nada. La presidencia de Donald Trump -republicano- se inicia con ambas cmaras del Congreso con mayorà ­a republicana, Todo parece indicar que serà ­a impensable aprobar en estas circunstancias un cambio de ley para dar paso a la legalizacià ³n de los once millones de indocumentados que actualmente se estima que viven en Estados Unidos. Sà ­ que es sensato pensar en que es posible un cambio de algunas leyes migratorias para reforzar los controles fronterizos, particularmente a lo largo de las ms de 1951 millas que separan Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico. Visas TN para mexicanos y canadienses Al amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio (NAFTA), canadienses y mexicanos pueden disfrutar de las visas que se conocen como TN, que en el caso de mexicanos aplican a un largo listado de profesionales y que les permite trabajar temporalmente en los Estados Unidos. Trump convirtià ³ su oposicià ³n a algunos tratados de libre comercio en una pieza clave de su campaà ±a, lo cual sin duda le proporcionà ³ un importante nà ºmero de votos, particularmente en estados afectados duramente por la deslocalizacià ³n.   Sin embargo, no est claro quà © va a hacer Trump al respeto cuando llegue a la Casa Blanca. Si bien es cierto que el presidente de los Estados Unidos tiene el poder para decidir unilateralmente retirar al paà ­s de cualquier tratado de libre comercio.   En el caso de NAFTA no se sabe quà © va a pasar, pero es probable pensar que puede haber renegociaciones de algunos puntos del tratado, a lo cual ya tanto Canad como Mà ©xico han dicho que estn dispuestos a hablar.   Si hubiera renegociacià ³n, todavà ­a no est claro quà © aspectos se tocarà ­an y se afectarà ­a a las visas TN, tanto para el futuro como al estatus de las ya aprobadas.   En todo caso, toda renegociacià ³n de un tratado transcurre a lo largo de aà ±os, por lo que en principio no hay que esperar ningà ºn cambio inminente. Obtencin de visas no inmigrante Por orden ejecutiva de Trump, se suspende el US Visa Interview Waiver Program. Es decir, vuelve a ser obligatoria la entrevista en el consulado o embajada para renovar la visa de turista. La implementacià ³n de esta nueva regla puede llevar a retrasos en las tramitaciones de las visas ya que los consulados tendrn ahora que acomodar esa nueva carga de trabajo. Adems, se puede solicitar la entrega de informacià ³n sobre redes sociales y cuentas de correo electrà ³nico. El Presidente puede decidir cà ³mo los oficiales consulares interpretan la ley, a la hora de aprobar o denegar las visas no inmigrante, entre las que se encuentran las de turista, intercambio, trabajo temporal, estudiante, etc.   Por ejemplo, puede decidir un mayor escrutinio en todas las solicitudes de visa, o sà ³lo en las de ciertos paà ­ses. Incluso el Presidente est capacitado para ordenar que no se aprueben visas en un determinado paà ­s, ya que para eso no es necesario el permiso previo de la Cmara de Representantes ni del Senado. Adems, con respecto a la visa H-1B para profesionales y   que es utilizada por muchos ingenieros, se ha eliminado temporalmente la posibilidad de utilizar la tramitacià ³n exprà ©s mediante el pago de una tarifa extra. Derechos de los migrantes indocumentados Todos los migrantes tienen derechos bsicos, incluidos los indocumentados. Recordar siempre dos muy importantes. En primer lugar, el derecho a no declarar contra uno mismo, es decir, a mantenerse en silencio. Y en segundo lugar que la migra solo puede entrar a la casa si tiene una orden firmada por un juez. Si llaman a la puerta, no abrir, y pedir que se enseà ±e por una ventana o por debajo de la puerta dicha orden. Esta es una tarjeta de derechos, en espaà ±ol y en inglà ©s, elaborada por el National Immigration Law Center que tiene informacià ³n fundamental. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.